{"id":9718,"date":"2026-02-27T00:18:18","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T04:18:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/?p=9718"},"modified":"2026-02-27T00:36:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T04:36:37","slug":"formacion-cumana-mineralogia-petrografia-diagenesis-y-datos-palinologicos-de-la-localidad-de-calamarca-y-su-correlacion-con-los-afloramientos-de-la-isla-del-sol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/2026\/02\/00\/27\/18\/18\/9718\/formacion-cumana-mineralogia-petrografia-diagenesis-y-datos-palinologicos-de-la-localidad-de-calamarca-y-su-correlacion-con-los-afloramientos-de-la-isla-del-sol\/articulos\/edw4ys3p3t\/","title":{"rendered":"Formaci\u00f3n Cuman\u00e1: Mineralog\u00eda, Petrograf\u00eda, Diag\u00e9nesis y datos Palinol\u00f3gicos De La Localidad de Calamarca y su Correlaci\u00f3n con los Afloramientos de la Isla del Sol"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n INSPET - Header<\/title>\r\n <style>\r\n * {\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n }\r\n \r\n html, body {\r\n overflow-x: hidden;\r\n max-width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n\r\n :root {\r\n --primary-color: #3a4e5c;\r\n --secondary-color: #2a7f62;\r\n --white: #ffffff;\r\n --text-dark: #333333;\r\n }\r\n\r\n body {\r\n font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Header Principal *\/\r\n .header-container {\r\n background: transparent;\r\n position: sticky;\r\n top: 0;\r\n left: 0;\r\n right: 0;\r\n z-index: 1001;\r\n padding: 1.1rem 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .header-content {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0 2rem;\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: space-between;\r\n gap: 1.5rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Secci\u00f3n de Logos *\/\r\n .logos-section {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: 1.5rem;\r\n flex: 0 1 auto;\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-link {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n transition: transform 0.3s ease;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-link:hover {\r\n transform: scale(1.05);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 75px !important;\r\n max-height: 75px !important;\r\n width: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n object-fit: contain;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n width: 3px;\r\n height: 60px;\r\n background: rgba(58, 78, 92, 0.25);\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: 1rem;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container:hover {\r\n transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .logo-inspet-container:hover .logo-inspet {\r\n transform: scale(1.05);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 75px !important;\r\n max-height: 75px !important;\r\n width: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n object-fit: contain;\r\n transition: transform 0.3s ease;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n height: 75px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 1rem;\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n color: var(--primary-color);\r\n line-height: 1.3;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.3rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info .title-line {\r\n display: block;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .institute-info .title-line:last-child {\r\n color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info p {\r\n font-size: 0.85rem;\r\n font-weight: 500;\r\n color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n letter-spacing: 0.5px;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Men\u00fa de Navegaci\u00f3n *\/\r\n .nav-menu {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu ul {\r\n display: flex;\r\n list-style: none;\r\n gap: 0.5rem;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-item {\r\n position: relative;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link {\r\n display: block;\r\n padding: 0.85rem 1.3rem;\r\n color: var(--primary-color);\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n font-size: 1.05rem;\r\n font-weight: 500;\r\n border-radius: 6px;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link:hover {\r\n background: rgba(42, 127, 98, 0.1);\r\n color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Men\u00fa Mobile Toggle *\/\r\n .mobile-toggle {\r\n display: none;\r\n background: transparent;\r\n border: 2px solid rgba(58, 78, 92, 0.2);\r\n color: var(--primary-color);\r\n font-size: 0;\r\n padding: 0.6rem;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n width: 48px;\r\n height: 48px;\r\n position: relative;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .mobile-toggle:hover {\r\n background: rgba(42, 127, 98, 0.08);\r\n border-color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle:active {\r\n transform: scale(0.95);\r\n }\r\n \r\n \/* L\u00edneas del hamburguesa *\/\r\n .mobile-toggle::before,\r\n .mobile-toggle::after,\r\n .mobile-toggle .hamburger-line {\r\n content: '';\r\n position: absolute;\r\n width: 24px;\r\n height: 3px;\r\n background: var(--primary-color);\r\n border-radius: 2px;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n left: 50%;\r\n transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle::before {\r\n top: 14px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle .hamburger-line {\r\n top: 50%;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n opacity: 1;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle::after {\r\n bottom: 14px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle:hover::before,\r\n .mobile-toggle:hover::after,\r\n .mobile-toggle:hover .hamburger-line {\r\n background: var(--secondary-color);\r\n }\r\n \r\n \/* Animaci\u00f3n a X cuando el men\u00fa est\u00e1 activo *\/\r\n .mobile-toggle.active::before {\r\n top: 50%;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle.active .hamburger-line {\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle.active::after {\r\n bottom: 50%;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, 50%) rotate(-45deg);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* RESPONSIVE DESIGN *\/\r\n \r\n \/* Tablets y pantallas medianas *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 1.5rem;\r\n gap: 1.2rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 1.2rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 65px !important;\r\n max-height: 65px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 65px !important;\r\n max-height: 65px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 52px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.85rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 65px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.9rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link {\r\n padding: 0.75rem 1.15rem;\r\n font-size: 0.95rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Tablets peque\u00f1as *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 1.25rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 1rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 58px !important;\r\n max-height: 58px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 58px !important;\r\n max-height: 58px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 46px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.75rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 58px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.8rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3viles - Men\u00fa hamburguesa *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\r\n .header-container {\r\n position: relative;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 1.15rem;\r\n gap: 1.2rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 1.1rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 68px !important;\r\n max-height: 68px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 68px !important;\r\n max-height: 68px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 54px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.9rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 68px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 1.1rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .mobile-toggle {\r\n display: flex !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu {\r\n display: none;\r\n position: fixed;\r\n top: calc(1.1rem + 68px + 1.1rem);\r\n left: 0;\r\n right: 0;\r\n width: 100vw;\r\n background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.98);\r\n backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\r\n box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(42, 127, 98, 0.12);\r\n border-radius: 0;\r\n border: none;\r\n overflow-y: visible;\r\n overflow-x: hidden;\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n transform: translateY(-10px);\r\n transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease;\r\n z-index: 999;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu.active {\r\n display: block;\r\n animation: slideDown 0.3s ease forwards;\r\n }\r\n \r\n @keyframes slideDown {\r\n from {\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n transform: translateY(-10px);\r\n }\r\n to {\r\n opacity: 1;\r\n transform: translateY(0);\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu ul {\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n gap: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link {\r\n padding: 1.35rem 1.65rem;\r\n border-radius: 0;\r\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(58, 78, 92, 0.08);\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n position: relative;\r\n font-size: 1.08rem;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .nav-link::before {\r\n content: '';\r\n position: absolute;\r\n left: 0;\r\n top: 0;\r\n bottom: 0;\r\n width: 0;\r\n background: var(--secondary-color);\r\n transition: width 0.3s ease;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .nav-link:hover::before {\r\n width: 4px;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3viles peque\u00f1os *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 480px) {\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 0.75rem;\r\n gap: 0.65rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 0.6rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 44px !important;\r\n max-height: 44px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 44px !important;\r\n max-height: 44px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 36px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.5rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 44px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.72rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .mobile-toggle {\r\n font-size: 1.3rem;\r\n padding: 0.5rem 0.7rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3viles muy peque\u00f1os *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 360px) {\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 38px !important;\r\n max-height: 38px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 38px !important;\r\n max-height: 38px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 32px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 38px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.66rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n <header class=\"header-container\">\r\n <div class=\"header-content\">\r\n <!-- Logos Section -->\r\n <div class=\"logos-section\">\r\n <!-- Logo PET -->\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\" class=\"logo-link\" aria-label=\"Logo Petrolera UMSA\">\r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/logo-PET_cuadrado.png\" \r\n alt=\"Logo Petrolera UMSA\" \r\n class=\"logo-pet\">\r\n <\/a>\r\n\r\n <!-- Separador -->\r\n <div class=\"separator\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Logo INSPET con Texto -->\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/inspet\" class=\"logo-inspet-container\" aria-label=\"INSPET\">\r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/logo-inspet-fondo-transparente.png\" \r\n alt=\"Logo INSPET\" \r\n class=\"logo-inspet\">\r\n <div class=\"institute-info\">\r\n <h1>\r\n <span class=\"title-line\">Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Petrolera<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"title-line\">INSPET - UMSA<\/span>\r\n <\/h1>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Mobile Menu Toggle -->\r\n <button class=\"mobile-toggle\" onclick=\"toggleMobileMenu()\" aria-label=\"Men\u00fa\">\r\n <span class=\"hamburger-line\"><\/span>\r\n <\/button>\r\n\r\n <!-- Navigation Menu -->\r\n <nav class=\"nav-menu\" id=\"navMenu\">\r\n <ul>\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Sobre Nosotros\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/revistas-inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Revistas\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/investigaciones-inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Investigaciones\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/servicios-inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Servicios\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/nav>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/header>\r\n\r\n <script>\r\n \/\/ Toggle mobile menu\r\n function toggleMobileMenu() {\r\n const navMenu = document.getElementById('navMenu');\r\n const mobileToggle = document.querySelector('.mobile-toggle');\r\n \r\n navMenu.classList.toggle('active');\r\n mobileToggle.classList.toggle('active');\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/\/ Cerrar men\u00fa mobile al hacer clic fuera\r\n document.addEventListener('click', function(event) {\r\n const navMenu = document.getElementById('navMenu');\r\n const mobileToggle = document.querySelector('.mobile-toggle');\r\n const headerContent = document.querySelector('.header-content');\r\n \r\n if (!headerContent.contains(event.target)) {\r\n navMenu.classList.remove('active');\r\n mobileToggle.classList.remove('active');\r\n }\r\n });\r\n\r\n \/\/ Ajustar comportamiento al cambiar tama\u00f1o de ventana\r\n window.addEventListener('resize', function() {\r\n const navMenu = document.getElementById('navMenu');\r\n const mobileToggle = document.querySelector('.mobile-toggle');\r\n if (window.innerWidth > 768) {\r\n navMenu.classList.remove('active');\r\n mobileToggle.classList.remove('active');\r\n }\r\n });\r\n <\/script>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d13a531 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3d13a531\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f6a4eb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"60f6a4eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561728c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561728c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a435e05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a435e05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formaci\u00f3n Cuman\u00e1: Mineralog\u00eda, Petrograf\u00eda, Diag\u00e9nesis y datos Palinol\u00f3gicos De La Localidad de Calamarca y su Correlaci\u00f3n con los Afloramientos de la Isla del Sol<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e42b81b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1e42b81b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eddcd1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5eddcd1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html lang=\"es\">\r\n<head>\r\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\"\/>\r\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\"\/>\r\n <title>Metadatos Art\u00edculo<\/title>\r\n <link\r\n href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Source+Serif+4:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;1,300&display=swap\"\r\n rel=\"stylesheet\"\r\n \/>\r\n\r\n <style>\r\n\r\n \/* ============================================================\r\n SECCI\u00d3N AISLADA: #article-meta\r\n ============================================================ *\/\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 1. Contenedor ra\u00edz \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta {\r\n all: initial;\r\n display: block;\r\n font-family: 'Source Serif 4', Georgia, serif;\r\n background: #fff;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n\r\n --c-text: #6b6258;\r\n --c-text-dark: #2a2622;\r\n --c-text-muted: #9a9088;\r\n --c-separator: #c8c0b6;\r\n --c-divider: #eeebe5;\r\n --c-icon: #aaa094;\r\n --c-border: #e0dad3;\r\n --c-gold: #b8860b;\r\n --c-gold-bg: #fdf8ee;\r\n --c-gold-border: #e0cfa0;\r\n --c-avatar-bg: #f0ece5;\r\n --c-avatar-bdr: #ddd8d0;\r\n --c-avatar-txt: #7a6e62;\r\n --c-kw-bg: #f6f3ef;\r\n --c-kw-border: #e8e2da;\r\n --c-kw-label: #aaa09a;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta *,\r\n #article-meta *::before,\r\n #article-meta *::after {\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 2. Layout interno \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .meta-block {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n gap: .85rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 3. Barra de datos r\u00e1pidos \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .meta-bar {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n row-gap: .4rem;\r\n color: var(--c-text);\r\n font-size: 1rem; \/* era .83rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n font-weight: 300;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-item {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: .35rem;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-item + .meta-item::before {\r\n content: '\u00b7';\r\n padding: 0 .5rem;\r\n color: var(--c-separator);\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-item svg {\r\n width: 13px;\r\n height: 13px;\r\n fill: none;\r\n stroke: var(--c-icon);\r\n stroke-width: 1.7;\r\n stroke-linecap: round;\r\n stroke-linejoin: round;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 4. Divisor \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta hr {\r\n border: none;\r\n border-top: 1px solid var(--c-divider);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 5. Autores \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .authors-row {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n gap: .6rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .author-pill {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: flex-start;\r\n gap: .4rem;\r\n font-size: .95rem; \/* era .79rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text-dark);\r\n flex: 1 1 240px; \/* crece y se adapta, m\u00ednimo 240px *\/\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-avatar {\r\n width: 26px;\r\n height: 26px;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: var(--c-avatar-bg);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--c-avatar-bdr);\r\n font-size: .68rem; \/* era .6rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n color: var(--c-avatar-txt);\r\n margin-top: 2px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-info {\r\n line-height: 1.3;\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-name {\r\n font-size: .95rem; \/* era .79rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text-dark);\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-inst {\r\n font-size: .82rem; \/* era .68rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text-muted);\r\n font-style: italic;\r\n word-break: break-word;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-corr {\r\n font-size: .72rem; \/* era .58rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n letter-spacing: .05em;\r\n color: var(--c-gold);\r\n background: var(--c-gold-bg);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--c-gold-border);\r\n padding: .05rem .28rem;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n margin-top: 2px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 6. Palabras clave \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .kw-row {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n gap: .4rem;\r\n font-size: .87rem; \/* era .73rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text);\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .kw-label {\r\n font-size: .78rem; \/* era .65rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n font-weight: 400;\r\n letter-spacing: .1em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n color: var(--c-kw-label);\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .kw {\r\n font-size: .85rem; \/* era .71rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: #5a5247;\r\n background: var(--c-kw-bg);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--c-kw-border);\r\n padding: .18rem .6rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 7. Responsive \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n\r\n \/* Tablet: autores en 2 columnas *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 640px) {\r\n #article-meta .author-pill {\r\n flex: 1 1 100%; \/* cada autor ocupa fila completa *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-bar {\r\n font-size: .93rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3vil: todo en una columna *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 420px) {\r\n #article-meta .meta-item {\r\n white-space: normal;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-bar {\r\n font-size: .88rem;\r\n row-gap: .3rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .kw-label {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n <!--\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n SECCI\u00d3N AISLADA \u2014 copiar desde aqu\u00ed\r\n ID \u00fanico: #article-meta\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n -->\r\n <div id=\"article-meta\">\r\n <div class=\"meta-block\">\r\n\r\n <!-- 1. Datos r\u00e1pidos -->\r\n <div class=\"meta-bar\">\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n <div class=\"meta-item\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\r\n <path d=\"M14 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8z\"\/>\r\n <polyline points=\"14 2 14 8 20 8\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n 13 p\u00e1ginas \u00b7 PDF\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"meta-item\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\r\n <rect x=\"3\" y=\"4\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"3\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"10\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"8\" y1=\"2\" x2=\"8\" y2=\"6\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"16\" y1=\"2\" x2=\"16\" y2=\"6\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n Publicado: Noviembre 2024\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <hr\/>\r\n\r\n <!-- 2. Autores -->\r\n <div class=\"authors-row\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"author-pill\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-avatar\">SL<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-info\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-name\">Ing. Shirley L\u00f3pez<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\">UMSA \u00b7 Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Petrolera INSPET<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\">sslopez@umsa.bo<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"author-pill\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-avatar\">MD<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-info\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-name\">Mildred L. Dorado Calder\u00f3n<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\">UMSA \u00b7 Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Petrolera INSPET<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\"><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <hr\/>\r\n\r\n <!-- 3. Palabras clave -->\r\n <div class=\"kw-row\">\r\n \r\n <span class=\"kw-label\">Palabras clave<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">Fm Cuman\u00e1<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">palinofacie<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">diag\u00e9nesis<\/span>\r\n \r\n \r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <!--\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n FIN SECCI\u00d3N AISLADA\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n -->\r\n\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5050f04b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5050f04b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6208ed4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6208ed4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bdec4a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3bdec4a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resumen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c2398d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20c2398d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La Fm Cuman\u00e1, caracterizada por su origen glacial, aflora en extensiones restringidas en el norte del Altiplano y la Faja de Huarina. En la regi\u00f3n de Calamarca sobreyace a la Fm Collpacucho, y su tope est\u00e1 en contacto marcado con la Fm Kasa. En estos afloramientos presenta litolog\u00eda de diamictitas de color gris oscuro en la base, y hacia el tope expone areniscas sabul\u00edticas parduzcas con lentes microconglomer\u00e1dicos de coloraci\u00f3n viol\u00e1cea. La petrograf\u00eda de las facies gruesas muestra textura con empaquetamiento moderado a malo, buena esfericidad en la mayor\u00eda de las muestras a excepci\u00f3n de una que proviene de los niveles superiores. La forma de los granos var\u00eda de subredondeada a subangular. La facies fina presenta esfericidad buena con granos subangulares y clasificaci\u00f3n de regular a mala. La mineralog\u00eda en sus facies finas consta de cuarzo monocristalino en tanto que las gruesas presentan cuarzo policristalino, cuarzo con extinci\u00f3n ondulada y, en menor proporci\u00f3n, cuarzo volc\u00e1nico. Los feldespatos del tipo ortosa, en algunos casos, exhiben alteraci\u00f3n seric\u00edtica y en otros son pert\u00edticos. Los l\u00edticos est\u00e1n compuestos por rocas metam\u00f3rficas principalmente, pero son muy escasos. La Fm Kasa suprayacente presenta buen empaquetamiento y buen grado de selecci\u00f3n, tiene esfericidad buena, granos subredondeados a subangulares; la mineralog\u00eda es similar a la de la Fm Cuman\u00e1 pero con mayor presencia de cuarzo y con <1% de zirc\u00f3n detr\u00edtico. El \u00f3xido de hierro est\u00e1 presente como cemento parcial. Las caracter\u00edsticas de estas rocas sugieren una fuente de aporte proveniente de una zona relativamente pr\u00f3xima, que podr\u00eda atribuirse al Escudo brasile\u00f1o y\/o al crat\u00f3n Arequipa Antofalla; as\u00ed mismo, habr\u00eda existido aporte de un \u00e1rea volc\u00e1nica. De acuerdo a las caracter\u00edsticas descritas, y al fracturamiento parcial de los granos, se infiere una diag\u00e9nesis por soterramiento y, en menor proporci\u00f3n, por solevantamiento. El contenido de Carb\u00f3n Org\u00e1nico Total obtenido es del 2%, equivalente a un potencial de generaci\u00f3n de hidrocarburos bueno. El TAI de 4- a 3+, estimado por comparaci\u00f3n en la tabla polen\/spore color standard, y una reflectancia de la vitrinita de 1,3 % a 2,0%, son indicadores de una madurez termal org\u00e1nica equivalente a la \u201cfase madura de la generaci\u00f3n de hidrocarburo l\u00edquido\u201d, en tanto que la palinofacie, observada y ploteada en el diagrama ternario de Tyson, corresponde al grupo VII, an\u00e1logo a una plataforma dis\u00f3xica-an\u00f3xica para un ker\u00f3geno tipo II>>I con tendencia a la generaci\u00f3n de petr\u00f3leo (oil prone). Los palinomorfos, estudiados de manera muy preliminar, no equivalen a las asociaciones de la Fm Cuman\u00e1 del \u00e1rea del Lago Titicaca, ya que sugieren una edad m\u00e1s antigua, especialmente por la ausencia de R. lepidophyta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1517965a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1517965a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eadff1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4eadff1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Formacion-cumana.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9719\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Formacion-cumana.png 780w, https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Formacion-cumana-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Formacion-cumana-768x437.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-566fdc0 elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"566fdc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong> <span class=\"fontstyle0\">Figura 1: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\">Mapa de ubicaci\u00f3n de la zona de estudio, sinclinal de Calamarca<\/span><\/em> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c5fe0a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c5fe0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25d14299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25d14299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">INTRODUCCI\u00d3N<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-601aa27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"601aa27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Afloramientos de la Fm Cuman\u00e1 est\u00e1n restringidos al l\u00edmite entre la Cordillera Oriental y el Altiplano norte, a lo largo del norte de la faja de Huarina entre el lago Titicaca y la poblaci\u00f3n de Calamarca. Esta unidad fue definida por Ascarrunz y Radelli (1964) en los afloramientos de la pen\u00ednsula de Copacabana (Suarez-Soruco, 1996). Seg\u00fan la descripci\u00f3n original, est\u00e1 compuesta por diamictitas e intercalaciones subordinadas de areniscas y conglomerados con bloques de sedimentos al\u00f3ctonos resedimentados. Los clastos son de tama\u00f1o y composici\u00f3n variados con evidencias de abrasi\u00f3n glacial; se identifican dos subunidades: un miembro inferior lut\u00edtico y laminado que porta <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">dropstones<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">, y un miembro superior generalmente macizo, con presencia de grandes bloques deslizados y redepositados. En la base, el contacto es erosivo con la Fm Collpacucho del Fameniano; hacia el tope, est\u00e1 en concordancia con la Fm Kasa atribuida al Tournesiano Inferior a Medio (Suarez-Soruco, 1996). A nivel regional, la Fm Cuman\u00e1 marca el l\u00edmite entre el ciclo tectosedimentario Cordillerano y el ciclo Subandino. <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Los afloramientos m\u00e1s estudiados de esta unidad son los de la localidad tipo, en la Pen\u00ednsula de Cuman\u00e1. D\u00edaz-Mart\u00ednez (1994) la considera como un modelo de sedimentaci\u00f3n glaciomarina del Dev\u00f3nico Tard\u00edo clasific\u00e1ndola, desde el punto de vista litol\u00f3gico, como diamictita, con tama\u00f1os de grano, angulosidad, redondez y composici\u00f3n variable. Su origen ser\u00eda una fuente heterog\u00e9nea con presencia de glaciares. Este autor reconoce dos litofacies: AL1 de lutitas laminadas con clastos ca\u00eddos desde masas de hielo flotantes, y AL2 de diamictitas de sedimentaci\u00f3n proglacial al borde de una masa de hielo parcialmente flotante.<\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"fontstyle0\">En posteriores trabajos, D\u00edaz-Mart\u00ednez (1995) describe a la Fm Cuman\u00e1 en un afloramiento del sinclinal de Tumusa, SSE de la ciudad de La Paz, en un contexto tect\u00f3nico complejo. Este afloramiento forma parte del flanco occidental del sinclinal de Tumusa, donde esta formaci\u00f3n suprayace a la Fm Collpacucho del Dev\u00f3nico, y el contacto hacia el tope est\u00e1 erosionado. As\u00ed mismo, el autor menciona a la Fm Cuman\u00e1 del flanco oriental del sinclinal de Calamarca, ubicado a 45 Km de la ciudad de La Paz, en la carretera a Oruro. 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