{"id":8260,"date":"2026-02-12T10:53:50","date_gmt":"2026-02-12T14:53:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/?p=8260"},"modified":"2026-02-23T23:12:57","modified_gmt":"2026-02-24T03:12:57","slug":"energias-de-hoy-y-energias-de-manana-en-la-matriz-energetica-de-bolivia-una-apreciacion-de-los-recursos-geotermales-y-radioactivos-de-nuestro-territorio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/2026\/02\/10\/12\/53\/50\/8260\/energias-de-hoy-y-energias-de-manana-en-la-matriz-energetica-de-bolivia-una-apreciacion-de-los-recursos-geotermales-y-radioactivos-de-nuestro-territorio\/articulos\/edw4ys3p3t\/","title":{"rendered":"Energ\u00edas de hoy y energ\u00edas de ma\u00f1ana en la matriz energ\u00e9tica de Bolivia: una apreciaci\u00f3n de los recursos geotermales y radioactivos de nuestro territorio"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n INSPET - Header<\/title>\r\n <style>\r\n * {\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n }\r\n \r\n html, body {\r\n overflow-x: hidden;\r\n max-width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n\r\n :root {\r\n --primary-color: #3a4e5c;\r\n --secondary-color: #2a7f62;\r\n --white: #ffffff;\r\n --text-dark: #333333;\r\n }\r\n\r\n body {\r\n font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Header Principal *\/\r\n .header-container {\r\n background: transparent;\r\n position: sticky;\r\n top: 0;\r\n left: 0;\r\n right: 0;\r\n z-index: 1001;\r\n padding: 1.1rem 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .header-content {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0 2rem;\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: space-between;\r\n gap: 1.5rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Secci\u00f3n de Logos *\/\r\n .logos-section {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: 1.5rem;\r\n flex: 0 1 auto;\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-link {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n transition: transform 0.3s ease;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-link:hover {\r\n transform: scale(1.05);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 75px !important;\r\n max-height: 75px !important;\r\n width: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n object-fit: contain;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n width: 3px;\r\n height: 60px;\r\n background: rgba(58, 78, 92, 0.25);\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: 1rem;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container:hover {\r\n transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .logo-inspet-container:hover .logo-inspet {\r\n transform: scale(1.05);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 75px !important;\r\n max-height: 75px !important;\r\n width: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n object-fit: contain;\r\n transition: transform 0.3s ease;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n height: 75px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 1rem;\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n color: var(--primary-color);\r\n line-height: 1.3;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.3rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info .title-line {\r\n display: block;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .institute-info .title-line:last-child {\r\n color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info p {\r\n font-size: 0.85rem;\r\n font-weight: 500;\r\n color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n letter-spacing: 0.5px;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Men\u00fa de Navegaci\u00f3n *\/\r\n .nav-menu {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu ul {\r\n display: flex;\r\n list-style: none;\r\n gap: 0.5rem;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-item {\r\n position: relative;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link {\r\n display: block;\r\n padding: 0.85rem 1.3rem;\r\n color: var(--primary-color);\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n font-size: 1.05rem;\r\n font-weight: 500;\r\n border-radius: 6px;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link:hover {\r\n background: rgba(42, 127, 98, 0.1);\r\n color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Men\u00fa Mobile Toggle *\/\r\n .mobile-toggle {\r\n display: none;\r\n background: transparent;\r\n border: 2px solid rgba(58, 78, 92, 0.2);\r\n color: var(--primary-color);\r\n font-size: 0;\r\n padding: 0.6rem;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n width: 48px;\r\n height: 48px;\r\n position: relative;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .mobile-toggle:hover {\r\n background: rgba(42, 127, 98, 0.08);\r\n border-color: var(--secondary-color);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle:active {\r\n transform: scale(0.95);\r\n }\r\n \r\n \/* L\u00edneas del hamburguesa *\/\r\n .mobile-toggle::before,\r\n .mobile-toggle::after,\r\n .mobile-toggle .hamburger-line {\r\n content: '';\r\n position: absolute;\r\n width: 24px;\r\n height: 3px;\r\n background: var(--primary-color);\r\n border-radius: 2px;\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n left: 50%;\r\n transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle::before {\r\n top: 14px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle .hamburger-line {\r\n top: 50%;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n opacity: 1;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle::after {\r\n bottom: 14px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle:hover::before,\r\n .mobile-toggle:hover::after,\r\n .mobile-toggle:hover .hamburger-line {\r\n background: var(--secondary-color);\r\n }\r\n \r\n \/* Animaci\u00f3n a X cuando el men\u00fa est\u00e1 activo *\/\r\n .mobile-toggle.active::before {\r\n top: 50%;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle.active .hamburger-line {\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0);\r\n }\r\n \r\n .mobile-toggle.active::after {\r\n bottom: 50%;\r\n transform: translate(-50%, 50%) rotate(-45deg);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* RESPONSIVE DESIGN *\/\r\n \r\n \/* Tablets y pantallas medianas *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 1.5rem;\r\n gap: 1.2rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 1.2rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 65px !important;\r\n max-height: 65px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 65px !important;\r\n max-height: 65px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 52px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.85rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 65px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.9rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link {\r\n padding: 0.75rem 1.15rem;\r\n font-size: 0.95rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Tablets peque\u00f1as *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 1.25rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 1rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 58px !important;\r\n max-height: 58px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 58px !important;\r\n max-height: 58px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 46px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.75rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 58px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.8rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3viles - Men\u00fa hamburguesa *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\r\n .header-container {\r\n position: relative;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 1.15rem;\r\n gap: 1.2rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 1.1rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 68px !important;\r\n max-height: 68px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 68px !important;\r\n max-height: 68px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 54px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.9rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 68px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 1.1rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .mobile-toggle {\r\n display: flex !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu {\r\n display: none;\r\n position: fixed;\r\n top: calc(1.1rem + 68px + 1.1rem);\r\n left: 0;\r\n right: 0;\r\n width: 100vw;\r\n background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.98);\r\n backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\r\n box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(42, 127, 98, 0.12);\r\n border-radius: 0;\r\n border: none;\r\n overflow-y: visible;\r\n overflow-x: hidden;\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n transform: translateY(-10px);\r\n transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease;\r\n z-index: 999;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu.active {\r\n display: block;\r\n animation: slideDown 0.3s ease forwards;\r\n }\r\n \r\n @keyframes slideDown {\r\n from {\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n transform: translateY(-10px);\r\n }\r\n to {\r\n opacity: 1;\r\n transform: translateY(0);\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-menu ul {\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n gap: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .nav-link {\r\n padding: 1.35rem 1.65rem;\r\n border-radius: 0;\r\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(58, 78, 92, 0.08);\r\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\r\n position: relative;\r\n font-size: 1.08rem;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .nav-link::before {\r\n content: '';\r\n position: absolute;\r\n left: 0;\r\n top: 0;\r\n bottom: 0;\r\n width: 0;\r\n background: var(--secondary-color);\r\n transition: width 0.3s ease;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .nav-link:hover::before {\r\n width: 4px;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3viles peque\u00f1os *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 480px) {\r\n .header-content {\r\n padding: 0 0.75rem;\r\n gap: 0.65rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logos-section {\r\n gap: 0.6rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 44px !important;\r\n max-height: 44px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 44px !important;\r\n max-height: 44px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 36px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet-container {\r\n gap: 0.5rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 44px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.72rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .mobile-toggle {\r\n font-size: 1.3rem;\r\n padding: 0.5rem 0.7rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3viles muy peque\u00f1os *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 360px) {\r\n .logo-pet {\r\n height: 38px !important;\r\n max-height: 38px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .logo-inspet {\r\n height: 38px !important;\r\n max-height: 38px !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .separator {\r\n height: 32px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info {\r\n height: 38px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .institute-info h1 {\r\n font-size: 0.66rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n <header class=\"header-container\">\r\n <div class=\"header-content\">\r\n <!-- Logos Section -->\r\n <div class=\"logos-section\">\r\n <!-- Logo PET -->\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\" class=\"logo-link\" aria-label=\"Logo Petrolera UMSA\">\r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/logo-PET_cuadrado.png\" \r\n alt=\"Logo Petrolera UMSA\" \r\n class=\"logo-pet\">\r\n <\/a>\r\n\r\n <!-- Separador -->\r\n <div class=\"separator\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Logo INSPET con Texto -->\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/inspet\" class=\"logo-inspet-container\" aria-label=\"INSPET\">\r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/logo-inspet-fondo-transparente.png\" \r\n alt=\"Logo INSPET\" \r\n class=\"logo-inspet\">\r\n <div class=\"institute-info\">\r\n <h1>\r\n <span class=\"title-line\">Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Petrolera<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"title-line\">INSPET - UMSA<\/span>\r\n <\/h1>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Mobile Menu Toggle -->\r\n <button class=\"mobile-toggle\" onclick=\"toggleMobileMenu()\" aria-label=\"Men\u00fa\">\r\n <span class=\"hamburger-line\"><\/span>\r\n <\/button>\r\n\r\n <!-- Navigation Menu -->\r\n <nav class=\"nav-menu\" id=\"navMenu\">\r\n <ul>\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Sobre Nosotros\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/revistas-inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Revistas\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/investigaciones-inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Investigaciones\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n\r\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/index.php\/servicios-inspet\" class=\"nav-link\">\r\n Servicios\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/nav>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/header>\r\n\r\n <script>\r\n \/\/ Toggle mobile menu\r\n function toggleMobileMenu() {\r\n const navMenu = document.getElementById('navMenu');\r\n const mobileToggle = document.querySelector('.mobile-toggle');\r\n \r\n navMenu.classList.toggle('active');\r\n mobileToggle.classList.toggle('active');\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/\/ Cerrar men\u00fa mobile al hacer clic fuera\r\n document.addEventListener('click', function(event) {\r\n const navMenu = document.getElementById('navMenu');\r\n const mobileToggle = document.querySelector('.mobile-toggle');\r\n const headerContent = document.querySelector('.header-content');\r\n \r\n if (!headerContent.contains(event.target)) {\r\n navMenu.classList.remove('active');\r\n mobileToggle.classList.remove('active');\r\n }\r\n });\r\n\r\n \/\/ Ajustar comportamiento al cambiar tama\u00f1o de ventana\r\n window.addEventListener('resize', function() {\r\n const navMenu = document.getElementById('navMenu');\r\n const mobileToggle = document.querySelector('.mobile-toggle');\r\n if (window.innerWidth > 768) {\r\n navMenu.classList.remove('active');\r\n mobileToggle.classList.remove('active');\r\n }\r\n });\r\n <\/script>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b90838f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b90838f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2158e1e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2158e1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab2c227 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2ab2c227\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85bba2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85bba2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Energ\u00edas de hoy y energ\u00edas de ma\u00f1ana en la matriz energ\u00e9tica de Bolivia: una apreciaci\u00f3n de los recursos geotermales y radioactivos de nuestro territorio<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40db7a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"40db7a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a8cfc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"9a8cfc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html lang=\"es\">\r\n<head>\r\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\"\/>\r\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\"\/>\r\n <title>Metadatos Art\u00edculo<\/title>\r\n <link\r\n href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Source+Serif+4:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;1,300&display=swap\"\r\n rel=\"stylesheet\"\r\n \/>\r\n\r\n <style>\r\n\r\n \/* ============================================================\r\n SECCI\u00d3N AISLADA: #article-meta\r\n ============================================================ *\/\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 1. Contenedor ra\u00edz \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta {\r\n all: initial;\r\n display: block;\r\n font-family: 'Source Serif 4', Georgia, serif;\r\n background: #fff;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n\r\n --c-text: #6b6258;\r\n --c-text-dark: #2a2622;\r\n --c-text-muted: #9a9088;\r\n --c-separator: #c8c0b6;\r\n --c-divider: #eeebe5;\r\n --c-icon: #aaa094;\r\n --c-border: #e0dad3;\r\n --c-gold: #b8860b;\r\n --c-gold-bg: #fdf8ee;\r\n --c-gold-border: #e0cfa0;\r\n --c-avatar-bg: #f0ece5;\r\n --c-avatar-bdr: #ddd8d0;\r\n --c-avatar-txt: #7a6e62;\r\n --c-kw-bg: #f6f3ef;\r\n --c-kw-border: #e8e2da;\r\n --c-kw-label: #aaa09a;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta *,\r\n #article-meta *::before,\r\n #article-meta *::after {\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 2. Layout interno \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .meta-block {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n gap: .85rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 3. Barra de datos r\u00e1pidos \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .meta-bar {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n row-gap: .4rem;\r\n color: var(--c-text);\r\n font-size: 1rem; \/* era .83rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n font-weight: 300;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-item {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: .35rem;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-item + .meta-item::before {\r\n content: '\u00b7';\r\n padding: 0 .5rem;\r\n color: var(--c-separator);\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-item svg {\r\n width: 13px;\r\n height: 13px;\r\n fill: none;\r\n stroke: var(--c-icon);\r\n stroke-width: 1.7;\r\n stroke-linecap: round;\r\n stroke-linejoin: round;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 4. Divisor \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta hr {\r\n border: none;\r\n border-top: 1px solid var(--c-divider);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 5. Autores \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .authors-row {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n gap: .6rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .author-pill {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: flex-start;\r\n gap: .4rem;\r\n font-size: .95rem; \/* era .79rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text-dark);\r\n flex: 1 1 240px; \/* crece y se adapta, m\u00ednimo 240px *\/\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-avatar {\r\n width: 26px;\r\n height: 26px;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: var(--c-avatar-bg);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--c-avatar-bdr);\r\n font-size: .68rem; \/* era .6rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n color: var(--c-avatar-txt);\r\n margin-top: 2px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-info {\r\n line-height: 1.3;\r\n min-width: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-name {\r\n font-size: .95rem; \/* era .79rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text-dark);\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-inst {\r\n font-size: .82rem; \/* era .68rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text-muted);\r\n font-style: italic;\r\n word-break: break-word;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .pill-corr {\r\n font-size: .72rem; \/* era .58rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n letter-spacing: .05em;\r\n color: var(--c-gold);\r\n background: var(--c-gold-bg);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--c-gold-border);\r\n padding: .05rem .28rem;\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n margin-top: 2px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 6. Palabras clave \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n #article-meta .kw-row {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n gap: .4rem;\r\n font-size: .87rem; \/* era .73rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: var(--c-text);\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .kw-label {\r\n font-size: .78rem; \/* era .65rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n font-weight: 400;\r\n letter-spacing: .1em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n color: var(--c-kw-label);\r\n white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .kw {\r\n font-size: .85rem; \/* era .71rem \u2192 +2pt *\/\r\n color: #5a5247;\r\n background: var(--c-kw-bg);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--c-kw-border);\r\n padding: .18rem .6rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 7. Responsive \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n\r\n \/* Tablet: autores en 2 columnas *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 640px) {\r\n #article-meta .author-pill {\r\n flex: 1 1 100%; \/* cada autor ocupa fila completa *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-bar {\r\n font-size: .93rem;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* M\u00f3vil: todo en una columna *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 420px) {\r\n #article-meta .meta-item {\r\n white-space: normal;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .meta-bar {\r\n font-size: .88rem;\r\n row-gap: .3rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n #article-meta .kw-label {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n <!--\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n SECCI\u00d3N AISLADA \u2014 copiar desde aqu\u00ed\r\n ID \u00fanico: #article-meta\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n -->\r\n <div id=\"article-meta\">\r\n <div class=\"meta-block\">\r\n\r\n <!-- 1. Datos r\u00e1pidos -->\r\n <div class=\"meta-bar\">\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n <div class=\"meta-item\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\r\n <path d=\"M14 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8z\"\/>\r\n <polyline points=\"14 2 14 8 20 8\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n 22 p\u00e1ginas \u00b7 PDF\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"meta-item\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\r\n <rect x=\"3\" y=\"4\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"3\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"10\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"8\" y1=\"2\" x2=\"8\" y2=\"6\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"16\" y1=\"2\" x2=\"16\" y2=\"6\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n Publicado: Diciembre 2025\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <hr\/>\r\n\r\n <!-- 2. Autores -->\r\n <div class=\"authors-row\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"author-pill\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-avatar\">SL<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-info\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-name\">Ing. Shirley L\u00f3pez<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\">UMSA \u00b7 Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Petrolera INSPET<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\">shirlop_v@yahoo.com<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"author-pill\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-avatar\">NJ<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-info\">\r\n <div class=\"pill-name\">Ing. N\u00e9stor Jim\u00e9nez<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\">UMSA \u00b7 Instituto de Investigaciones Geol\u00f3gicas y de Medio Ambiente<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pill-inst\">nhjimenez@umsa.bo<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <hr\/>\r\n\r\n <!-- 3. Palabras clave -->\r\n <div class=\"kw-row\">\r\n <span class=\"kw-label\">Palabras clave<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">innovaci\u00f3n tecnol\u00f3gica<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">desarrollo regional<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">brecha digital<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">econom\u00edas emergentes<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">pol\u00edtica p\u00fablica<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"kw\">Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <!--\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n FIN SECCI\u00d3N AISLADA\r\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\r\n -->\r\n\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b992ed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5b992ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e536591 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e536591\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3bba59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a3bba59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resumen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cf329b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cf329b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Se eval\u00faan los recursos geotermales y de minerales radioactivos de Bolivia como alternativas potenciales a los combustibles f\u00f3siles (petr\u00f3leo y gas natural) que, actualmente, dominan por mucho la producci\u00f3n y consumo local de energ\u00eda. En realidad, cualquier plan de desarrollo energ\u00e9tico deber\u00eda contemplar prioritariamente el reemplazo de las numerosas plantas termoel\u00e9ctricas distribuidas en nuestro territorio. Investigaciones anteriores identificaron tres campos geotermales de alta entalp\u00eda (>230\u00b0C) que podr\u00edan contribuir a la generaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda el\u00e9ctrica: Laguna Colorada, Empexa, y Sajama, todos ellos ubicados en la Cordillera Occidental, en regiones remotas y despobladas. Por lo tanto, actualmente no se puede considerar a estos recursos como parte de la soluci\u00f3n del problema energ\u00e9tico. Por el contrario, en la Cordillera Oriental, a lo largo de la faja de Huarina, existen varios campos geotermales de baja entalp\u00eda (<150\u00b0C) que deben evaluarse como fuentes potenciales de electricidad o para uso directo en invernaderos y calefacci\u00f3n de edificios puesto que est\u00e1n localizados cerca a grandes ciudades y poblaciones. En cuanto a los minerales radioactivos, varias anomal\u00edas y ocurrencias se encontraron en la d\u00e9cada de los setenta del siglo XX, y un solo dep\u00f3sito de peque\u00f1o tama\u00f1o: Cotaje. En las \u00faltimas cuatro d\u00e9cadas no se puso en marcha ning\u00fan programa de exploraci\u00f3n por minerales radioactivos. Consecuentemente, Bolivia no cuenta con la materia prima para implementar un plan de desarrollo nuclear.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b66b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b66b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c621d43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c621d43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"914\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Picture1-914x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6899\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Picture1-914x1024.png 914w, https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Picture1-268x300.png 268w, https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Picture1-768x860.png 768w, https:\/\/petrolera.umsa.edu.bo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Picture1.png 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 914px) 100vw, 914px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95c6848 elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95c6848\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figura 1<\/strong>: Mapa de las unidades morfoestructurales en las que est\u00e1 dividido el territorio boliviano (de oeste a este: Cordillera Occidental, Altiplano, Cordillera Oriental, Subandino Llanura Chaco-beniana, y crat\u00f3n Prec\u00e1mbrico). En este mapa se muestra la ubicaci\u00f3n de los campos geotermales conocidos y los prospectos e indicios uran\u00edferos que se describen en el texto. Adem\u00e1s, se incluye la ubicaci\u00f3n de las centrales hidroel\u00e9ctricas, plantas termoel\u00e9ctricas, y la de los campos petrol\u00edferos productores. El gran n\u00famero de plantas termoel\u00e9ctricas y su amplia dispersi\u00f3n en el territorio son una demostraci\u00f3n de la alta dependencia que tiene Bolivia de los combustibles f\u00f3siles para la generaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda el\u00e9ctrica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f693335 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f693335\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-083ab17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"083ab17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">INTRODUCCI\u00d3N<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-663fe42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"663fe42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El mundo ha sufrido profundamente los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 no s\u00f3lo en el plano de la salud sino tambi\u00e9n en el desempe\u00f1o econ\u00f3mico y social. Uno de estos efectos fue el descenso de aproximadamente 7% en la demanda de energ\u00eda debido a la reducci\u00f3n de las actividades econ\u00f3micas (McKinsey & Company, 2021). Actualmente se ha iniciado el proceso de recuperaci\u00f3n post-pandemia que, seg\u00fan estimaciones, puede durar unos 3 o 4 a\u00f1os; la duda es si la actividad volver\u00e1 a los niveles pre-COVID. Sea cual fuere el panorama futuro, parece que los combustibles f\u00f3siles seguir\u00e1n jugando un rol de primera importancia en la econom\u00eda mundial. Con excepci\u00f3n del carb\u00f3n, cuya demanda decrecer\u00e1 fuertemente en las pr\u00f3ximas d\u00e9cadas, el petr\u00f3leo y el gas a\u00fan experimentaran un incremento moderado en su demanda antes de comenzar a declinar a mediados de la pr\u00f3xima d\u00e9cada. Se espera que, para entonces, la mitad de los requerimientos sean cubiertos por energ\u00edas renovables, especialmente por el hidr\u00f3geno verde, si alcanza precios competitivos en el mercado.<\/p><p>Todos los antecedentes se\u00f1alados parecen indicar que no se alcanzar\u00e1 la meta de bajar el incremento de temperatura global a niveles menores a 2\u00b0C en el presente siglo tal como se propuso en la Conferencia de Par\u00eds sobre cambio clim\u00e1tico. La meta de cero emisiones de CO<sub>2<\/sub> para conseguir un incremento de s\u00f3lo 1,5\u00b0C para el 2050 es a\u00fan mucho m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil de alcanzar. Las emisiones de CO<sub>2<\/sub> a la atm\u00f3sfera por el empleo de combustibles f\u00f3siles seguir\u00e1n siendo altas sin que se las pueda reducir a los niveles requeridos para lograr el objetivo se\u00f1alado. Las consecuencias para el clima mundial ser\u00e1n, por supuesto, notoriamente negativas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb6bdbe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eb6bdbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d6e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"39d6e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><style>\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Variables y base \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-wrap {\n --ink: #0f1117;\n --cream: #f2ede4;\n --gold: #b8903a;\n --border: #e0d9cf;\n --muted: #6b6560;\n --paper: #faf8f4;\n --rad: 10px;\n width: 100%;\n font-family: \"Segoe UI\", Arial, sans-serif;\n overflow-x: hidden;\n}\n.pds-wrap * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 ENCABEZADO \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-header { text-align:center; padding:0 20px 28px; animation:pds-down .5s ease both; }\n.pds-badge {\n display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:7px;\n background:var(--cream); border:1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius:50px; padding:5px 16px;\n font-size:.72rem; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:.1em;\n text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--gold); margin-bottom:14px;\n}\n.pds-dot { width:6px; height:6px; background:var(--gold); border-radius:50%; animation:pds-pulse 2s infinite; }\n.pds-header h2 {\n font-size:clamp(1.35rem,3.5vw,2rem);\n font-weight:700; color:var(--ink); margin:0 0 8px; line-height:1.25;\n}\n.pds-header p { color:var(--muted); font-size:.93rem; line-height:1.6; margin:0; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 CARD \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-card {\n background:#fff; border:1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius:14px; box-shadow:0 2px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.07);\n width:100%; overflow:hidden; animation:pds-up .5s .1s ease both;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 CABECERA CARD \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-chead {\n background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0f1117,#1e2235);\n padding:22px 32px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:16px;\n}\n.pds-cicon {\n width:46px; height:46px;\n background:rgba(184,144,58,.18); border:1px solid rgba(184,144,58,.3);\n border-radius:11px; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;\n font-size:1.4rem; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:2px;\n}\n.pds-chead-txt h3 { color:#fff; font-size:1.1rem; font-weight:600; margin:0 0 4px; }\n.pds-ctitulo { color:rgba(184,144,58,.9); font-size:.82rem; font-style:italic; margin:0 0 4px; line-height:1.4; }\n.pds-csub { color:rgba(255,255,255,.4); font-size:.75rem; margin:0; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 MENSAJES \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-msg { margin:0 32px 16px; padding:12px 16px; border-radius:var(--rad); font-size:.86rem; font-weight:500; display:none; align-items:center; gap:10px; }\n.pds-msg.show { display:flex; }\n.pds-msg.error { background:#fff0f0; border:1px solid #f5c6cb; color:#8b1a1a; }\n.pds-msg.load { background:#f0f4ff; border:1px solid #c7d4f5; color:#2a3f8f; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 FORMULARIO \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-body { padding:26px 32px 30px; }\n.pds-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; }\n.pds-field { display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:6px; }\n.pds-field label {\n font-size:.73rem; font-weight:600;\n letter-spacing:.07em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--muted);\n line-height:1;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 SELECT \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-sw { position:relative; }\n.pds-sw::after {\n content:'\u25be'; position:absolute; right:13px; top:50%;\n transform:translateY(-50%); color:var(--muted); pointer-events:none; font-size:.85rem;\n}\n.pds-sw select {\n width:100%;\n padding:12px 36px 12px 13px !important;\n margin:0 !important;\n border:1.5px solid var(--border) !important;\n border-radius:var(--rad) !important;\n font-size:.9rem !important;\n color:var(--ink) !important;\n background:var(--paper) !important;\n appearance:none !important;\n -webkit-appearance:none !important;\n cursor:pointer;\n outline:none;\n transition:border-color .2s, box-shadow .2s;\n display:block !important;\n min-height:46px !important;\n box-sizing:border-box !important;\n line-height:normal !important;\n}\n.pds-sw select:focus {\n border-color:var(--gold);\n box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(184,144,58,.12);\n background:#fff;\n}\n.pds-sw select option[value=\"\"] { color:#999; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 DIVISOR \/ FOOTER FORM \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-div { height:1px; background:var(--border); margin:22px 0; }\n.pds-ff { display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; gap:12px; flex-wrap:wrap; }\n.pds-note { font-size:.74rem; color:var(--muted); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 BOT\u00d3N \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-btn {\n background:var(--ink); color:#fff; border:none;\n border-radius:var(--rad); padding:13px 28px;\n font-size:.92rem; font-weight:600;\n cursor:pointer; display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:9px;\n transition:background .2s, transform .15s; white-space:nowrap;\n}\n.pds-btn:hover:not(:disabled) { background:#1e2235; transform:translateY(-1px); }\n.pds-btn:disabled { opacity:.5; cursor:not-allowed; transform:none; }\n.pds-btn .arr { transition:transform .2s; }\n.pds-btn:hover .arr { transform:translateX(4px); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 SPINNER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-spin { width:14px; height:14px; border:2px solid rgba(42,63,143,.2); border-top-color:#2a3f8f; border-radius:50%; animation:pds-spin .7s linear infinite; flex-shrink:0; }\n.pds-spin-w { border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.2); border-top-color:#fff; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 VISOR PDF \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-visor { display:none; flex-direction:column; }\n.pds-vhead {\n background:linear-gradient(135deg,#2d6a4f,#1b4332);\n padding:18px 32px; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:14px;\n}\n.pds-vcheck { width:36px; height:36px; background:rgba(255,255,255,.15); border-radius:50%; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; font-size:1rem; flex-shrink:0; color:#fff; }\n.pds-vhead h3 { color:#fff; font-size:1rem; font-weight:600; margin:0 0 3px; }\n.pds-vhead p { color:rgba(255,255,255,.55); font-size:.78rem; margin:0; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 FRAME \u2014 contenedor PDF.js \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-frame {\n width:100%;\n background:#3a3a3a;\n overflow-y:auto;\n overflow-x:hidden;\n max-height:85vh;\n min-height:400px;\n padding:16px 0 24px;\n}\n.pds-j-pdfwrap {\n display:flex;\n flex-direction:column;\n align-items:center;\n gap:12px;\n width:100%;\n padding:0 8px;\n}\n.pds-j-canvas {\n display:block;\n max-width:100%;\n box-shadow:0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);\n background:#fff;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Barra de progreso \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pds-pdfnav {\n display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; gap:16px;\n padding:9px 20px; background:#2a2a2a; border-bottom:1px solid #444;\n}\n.pds-pdfinfo { color:#bbb; font-size:.8rem; }\n.pds-pdfprog { color:#888; font-size:.75rem; }\n\n.pds-vfoot {\n padding:11px 32px; background:var(--cream); border-top:1px solid var(--border);\n display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between;\n font-size:.75rem; color:var(--muted); flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px;\n}\n.pds-vfoot strong { color:var(--ink); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 ANIMACIONES \u2500\u2500 *\/\n@keyframes pds-up { from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(14px)} to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)} }\n@keyframes pds-down { from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-10px)} to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)} }\n@keyframes pds-spin { to{transform:rotate(360deg)} }\n@keyframes pds-pulse { 0%,100%{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)} 50%{opacity:.5;transform:scale(1.4)} }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 M\u00d3VIL \u2500\u2500 *\/\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n .pds-header { padding:0 12px 20px; }\n .pds-wrap { padding:0 12px; }\n .pds-card { border-radius:16px; width:100%; box-shadow:0 4px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.10); }\n .pds-chead { padding:18px 16px; }\n .pds-msg { margin:0 16px 14px; }\n .pds-body { padding:18px 16px 22px; }\n .pds-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:14px; }\n .pds-ff { flex-direction:column; align-items:stretch; }\n .pds-btn { justify-content:center; width:100%; }\n .pds-vhead { padding:16px; }\n .pds-vfoot { padding:10px 16px; }\n .pds-frame {\n max-height:80vh; min-height:300px;\n overflow-y:scroll; overflow-x:hidden;\n -webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;\n padding:10px 0 16px;\n }\n .pds-j-pdfwrap { padding:0; gap:8px; }\n .pds-pdfnav { padding:8px 12px; gap:10px; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<!-- HTML del shortcode -->\n<div class=\"pds-wrap\" id=\"pds-9315-700\" data-pdf-id=\"9315\">\n\n <div class=\"pds-header\">\n <div class=\"pds-badge\"><span class=\"pds-dot\"><\/span> Acceso Controlado · Uso Acad\u00e9mico<\/div>\n <h2>Documento de Investigaci\u00f3n Completo<\/h2>\n <p>Complete el registro para acceder inmediatamente al PDF.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pds-card\">\n\n <div class=\"pds-chead pds-j-head\">\n <div class=\"pds-cicon\">\ud83d\udccb<\/div>\n <div class=\"pds-chead-txt\">\n <h3>Registro de Acceso<\/h3>\n <p class=\"pds-csub\">Todos los campos son obligatorios · Acceso inmediato al enviar<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pds-msg error pds-j-err\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span><span class=\"pds-j-err-txt\"><\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pds-msg load pds-j-load\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div class=\"pds-spin\"><\/div><span class=\"pds-j-load-txt\">Procesando\u2026<\/span><\/div>\n\n <!-- FORMULARIO -->\n <div class=\"pds-body pds-j-fwrap\">\n <form class=\"pds-j-form\" novalidate>\n\n <div class=\"pds-grid\">\n\n <!-- Pa\u00eds -->\n <div class=\"pds-field\">\n <label for=\"pds-9315-700-pais\">Pa\u00eds de residencia<\/label>\n <div class=\"pds-sw\">\n <select name=\"pais\" id=\"pds-9315-700-pais\" required>\n <option value=\"\">\u2014 Seleccione su pa\u00eds \u2014<\/option>\n <option>Afghanistan<\/option><option>Albania<\/option><option>Algeria<\/option>\n <option>Argentina<\/option><option>Australia<\/option><option>Austria<\/option>\n <option>Belgium<\/option><option>Bolivia<\/option><option>Brazil<\/option>\n <option>Canada<\/option><option>Chile<\/option><option>China<\/option>\n <option>Colombia<\/option><option>Costa Rica<\/option><option>Cuba<\/option>\n <option>Czech Republic<\/option><option>Denmark<\/option>\n <option>Dominican Republic<\/option><option>Ecuador<\/option>\n <option>Egypt<\/option><option>El Salvador<\/option><option>Finland<\/option>\n <option>France<\/option><option>Germany<\/option><option>Greece<\/option>\n <option>Guatemala<\/option><option>Honduras<\/option><option>Hungary<\/option>\n <option>India<\/option><option>Indonesia<\/option><option>Iran<\/option>\n <option>Iraq<\/option><option>Ireland<\/option><option>Israel<\/option>\n <option>Italy<\/option><option>Japan<\/option><option>Jordan<\/option>\n <option>Kenya<\/option><option>Malaysia<\/option><option>Mexico<\/option>\n <option>Morocco<\/option><option>Netherlands<\/option>\n <option>New Zealand<\/option><option>Nicaragua<\/option>\n <option>Nigeria<\/option><option>Norway<\/option><option>Pakistan<\/option>\n <option>Panama<\/option><option>Paraguay<\/option><option>Peru<\/option>\n <option>Philippines<\/option><option>Poland<\/option><option>Portugal<\/option>\n <option>Puerto Rico<\/option><option>Romania<\/option><option>Russia<\/option>\n <option>Saudi Arabia<\/option><option>South Africa<\/option>\n <option>South Korea<\/option><option>Spain<\/option><option>Sweden<\/option>\n <option>Switzerland<\/option><option>Thailand<\/option><option>Turkey<\/option>\n <option>Ukraine<\/option><option>United Kingdom<\/option>\n <option>United States<\/option><option>Uruguay<\/option>\n <option>Venezuela<\/option><option>Vietnam<\/option><option>Otro<\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- Instituci\u00f3n -->\n <div class=\"pds-field\">\n <label for=\"pds-9315-700-inst\">Instituci\u00f3n \/ Organizaci\u00f3n<\/label>\n <div class=\"pds-sw\">\n <select name=\"institucion\" id=\"pds-9315-700-inst\" required>\n <option value=\"\">\u2014 Seleccione \u2014<\/option>\n <option>Universidad<\/option>\n <option>Empresa<\/option>\n <option>Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n<\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- Tipo instituci\u00f3n -->\n <div class=\"pds-field\">\n <label for=\"pds-9315-700-tipo\">Tipo de instituci\u00f3n<\/label>\n <div class=\"pds-sw\">\n <select name=\"tipo_institucion\" id=\"pds-9315-700-tipo\" required>\n <option value=\"\">\u2014 Seleccione \u2014<\/option>\n <option>P\u00fablica<\/option>\n <option>Privada<\/option>\n <option>Organismo Gubernamental<\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- Nivel acad\u00e9mico -->\n <div class=\"pds-field\">\n <label for=\"pds-9315-700-nivel\">Nivel acad\u00e9mico<\/label>\n <div class=\"pds-sw\">\n <select name=\"nivel_academico\" id=\"pds-9315-700-nivel\" required>\n <option value=\"\">\u2014 Seleccione su nivel \u2014<\/option>\n <option>Estudiante de Pregrado<\/option>\n <option>Estudiante de Postgrado (Maestr\u00eda)<\/option>\n <option>Estudiante de Doctorado<\/option>\n <option>Investigador<\/option>\n <option>Profesor \/ Acad\u00e9mico<\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div><!-- \/pds-grid -->\n\n <div class=\"pds-div\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pds-ff\">\n <span class=\"pds-note\">\ud83d\udd12 Datos protegidos · Solo uso acad\u00e9mico<\/span>\n <button type=\"submit\" class=\"pds-btn\">\n Acceder al documento <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/form>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- VISOR PDF -->\n <div class=\"pds-visor pds-j-visor\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Documento PDF\">\n <div class=\"pds-vhead\">\n <div class=\"pds-vcheck\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2713<\/div>\n <div>\n <h3>Acceso concedido \u2014 Documento disponible<\/h3>\n <p class=\"pds-j-vsub\">Registro completado<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pds-pdfnav\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n <span class=\"pds-pdfinfo\">Total: <strong class=\"pds-j-pagtotal\">\u2026<\/strong> p\u00e1ginas<\/span>\n <span class=\"pds-pdfprog pds-j-prog\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pds-frame\">\n <div class=\"pds-j-pdfwrap\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"pds-j-pdferr\" style=\"display:none;padding:30px;text-align:center;color:#c0392b;\">\n \u26a0\ufe0f No se pudo cargar el documento.\n <br><a class=\"pds-j-pdflink\" href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" style=\"color:#b8903a;font-weight:600;\">Abrir directamente \u2192<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pds-vfoot\">\n <span>\ud83d\udcc4 Uso acad\u00e9mico exclusivo · No redistribuir<\/span>\n <span class=\"pds-j-meta\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div><!-- \/pds-card -->\n<\/div><!-- \/pds-wrap -->\n\n<script>\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Cargar PDF.js desde CDN una sola vez por p\u00e1gina \u2500\u2500 *\/\n(function(){\n if (window._pdfjsLoading || window.pdfjsLib) return;\n window._pdfjsLoading = true;\n var s = document.createElement('script');\n \/* Integridad SRI para evitar que el CDN sirva c\u00f3digo malicioso *\/\n s.src = 'https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/pdf.js\/3.11.174\/pdf.min.js';\n s.crossOrigin = 'anonymous';\n s.onload = function(){\n if (!window.pdfjsLib) return;\n pdfjsLib.GlobalWorkerOptions.workerSrc =\n 'https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/pdf.js\/3.11.174\/pdf.worker.min.js';\n document.dispatchEvent(new Event('pdfjsReady'));\n };\n s.onerror = function(){\n console.warn('[PDF] No se pudo cargar PDF.js desde CDN.');\n };\n document.head.appendChild(s);\n})();\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Instancia del shortcode \u2500\u2500 *\/\n(function(){\n 'use strict';\n\n var uid = \"pds-9315-700\";\n var wrap = document.getElementById(uid);\n if (!wrap) return;\n\n var pdfId = wrap.dataset.pdfId;\n var form = 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loadBox.classList.remove('show');\n }\n function clearMsg() { errBox.classList.remove('show'); loadBox.classList.remove('show'); }\n function resetBtn() {\n btn.disabled = false;\n \/\/ Recrear el contenido del bot\u00f3n de forma segura\n btn.textContent = '';\n var txt = document.createTextNode('Acceder al documento ');\n var arr = document.createElement('span');\n arr.className = 'arr';\n arr.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');\n arr.textContent = '\u2192';\n btn.appendChild(txt);\n btn.appendChild(arr);\n }\n function setLoad(txt) {\n loadTxt.textContent = txt || 'Procesando\u2026';\n loadBox.classList.add('show');\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ENVIAR FORMULARIO \u2500\u2500 *\/\n form.addEventListener('submit', function(e) {\n e.preventDefault();\n clearMsg();\n\n var fields = ['pais', 'institucion', 'tipo_institucion', 'nivel_academico'];\n for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {\n var field = form.querySelector('[name=\"' + fields[i] + '\"]');\n if (!field || !field.value) {\n 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